Random Facts About Charles II Of Spain's Health Problems Destroyed His Dynasty And Plunged Europe Into War (7 items)

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  (#1) Most Of Charles's Health Issues Were Caused By Genetic Disorders

  The Habsburg gene pool was even worse than that specific relation would indicate, because the family had generations of inbreeding leading to Charles II. 

  Two of Charles's great-grandfathers married their own nieces, while another married his first cousin. Because his parents were closely related, Charles was also his own mother's first cousin and his father's great-nephew. His grandmother was also his aunt. Charles's family tree traced back to a single couple: Philip and Joanna of Castile, who lived in the 16th century.

  Charles likely suffered from two genetic disorders: combined pituitary hormone deficiency and distal renal tubular acidosis. The first, caused by a mutation in the gene necessary to produce hormones in the pituitary gland, was responsible for Charles's short stature, infertility, and impotence. It could also cause weak muscles and digestive problems. 

  The second, caused by a gene mutation, makes it difficult for the kidneys to get rid of acid through the urine. It can lead to bloody urine, weak muscles, and a large head relative to the size of the body.
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  (#5) The Habsburgs Intended To Strengthen Their Line Of Succession

  Inbreeding was common practice for Europe's royalty - it was known as royal intermarriage. And for two centuries, the Spanish Habsburgs married within their family to maintain their royal heritage. The vast majority of their marriages during the 16th and 17th centuries were between blood relatives.

  The Habsburgs justified their inbreeding by claiming the practice strengthened lines of succession and helped secure political alliances. During an era when royal blood was considered substantially different from common blood, rulers wanted to marry other rulers - but sometimes there weren't many options outside of cousins. The practice of intermarriage, meant to insure the purity of the bloodline, brought a host of genetic ailments and deformities that destroyed the monarchy.
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  (#3) Charles's Problems Were Apparent From Childhood

  When Charles II was born in 1661, his parents must have thought he would not live long. Contemporary writings called the baby "big headed" and a "weak breast-fed baby." Charles did not speak until he turned four, and he was unable to walk until the age of eight. In spite of paintings that tried to show him as a healthy baby, Charles was weak and ailing from birth.

  According to Jacques Sanguin, an envoy for King Louis XIV sent to confirm the baby's sex amid rumors that he was not a male heir, Charles "seems extremely weak, both cheeks have a herpes-type rash, the head is covered with scabs, and below the right ear a type of suppurating duct or drainage has formed."

  Charles inherited the Spanish throne at the age of four when his father died. But even his own family doubted that he could ever rule alone - his mother became the boy's regent. Historian Stanley G. Payne described young Charles as a "pathetic prince,"and "the degenerate product of five generations of Spanish Habsburg inbreeding."
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  (#7) Charles's Untimely Death Plunged Europe Into War

  It was clear that Charles was not going to live long, and he had no children of his own. So in 1700,  Charles issued his last will and testament. In the document, Charles chose Philip, Duke of Anjou, as his successor. Philip was the grandson of Charles's sister, who had married Louis XIV of France. But instead of a smooth succession, Charles's death led to years of war.

  Charles was the last of the Spanish Habsburgs, and because of Spain's rich empire, a number of other European powers wanted to seize the throne. In fact, before Charles was even dead the English, Dutch, and French were already debating how to carve up his empire.

  The War of the Spanish Succession dragged on from 1701 until 1713, as the powerful French monarch Louis XIV fought against an alliance of the English, Dutch, and the Holy Roman Empire to put his grandson on the throne. The war killed more than a million people, and in the end put a French Bourbon on the Spanish throne.
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  (#4) The Spanish Habsburgs Had Higher Infant Mortality Rates Than The Peasantry

  The 17th century wasn't a great time to be a peasant. Agricultural production dropped, famine destroyed communities, and epidemics swept across Europe. But peasants were still better off than the Spanish Habsburgs in one important way: they weren't killing themselves off from intentional inbreeding. 

  Charles's father, King Philip IV, was only 10 years old when his parents arranged his first marriage, to the daughter of the French king. Out of their eight children, only two were boys, and both died before inheriting the throne. After the death of his first wife, Philip remarried his own niece, Mariana of Austria. The couple had two daughters and two more sons who died as children.

  Between 1527 and 1661 - the year Charles II was born - the Spanish royal families produced 34 children. Nearly 30% of them died before the age of one, and a full half died before their 10th birthdays. Shockingly, one of the wealthiest families in the world suffered from worse mortality rates than Spanish commoners, whose infant mortality was around 20%. And it was all because of choosing to marry within the family.
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  (#6) Spain's Colonial Expansion Caused Economic And Political Strife

  Charles inherited a massive empire that dated back to the 16th century, when his ancestor Charles V had ruled over Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Spain, and an enormous amount of territory in the New World. His vast territories were described as "the empire on which the sun never sets."

  Wealth poured into Spain through its major port city, Seville, which Cervantes described as "just the place to find adventure, for in every street and on every street corner there were more adventures than in any other place.” Spain's transatlantic fleet appeared twice a year carrying gold and silver along with exotic luxury goods like cocoa, pineapples, and chili peppers. But all of the Spanish Empire's wealth couldn't prevent the decline of the Habsburg monarchy.

  Spain faced a long decline in the 17th century. While millions of pounds of silver flooded the country between 1580 and 1630, the mass amounts the Spanish empire brought into the European market caused extreme inflation for the Spanish currency. The monarchy took on enormous amounts of debt while funding a multitude of war efforts in both Europe and the Americas.

  But poor leadership from the Habsburgs also contributed to the decline. Historian J.H. Elliot described the rule of Charles II in his book Imperial Spain: "This last pallid relic of a fading dynasty was left to preside over the inert corpse of a shattered monarchy, itself no more that a pallid relic of the great imperial past." The king was simply unable to rule his empire, which would never again reach the heights of the 16th century.

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