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Inhalation anesthesia, invented by al-Zahrawi and Ibn Zuhr. Used a sponge soaked with narcotic drugs and placed it on patients face. (Medicine and biology)
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First professional army in Europe – men were hired and trained in Spain to join the army as their professional job not as some levy or through hiring mercenaries (Military)
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Paella (Cuisine)
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Toledo steel - The Iberian region has been known for high quality metal working and sword productions since pre-Roman times. Toledo steel refers to both the high quality steel and that legacy of steel work in the Iberian peninsula from pre-Roman to post-Roman times in the Middle Ages. **Damascus steel was said to be the only rival of Toledo steel in the Middle Ages. (Military)
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Metronome, invented by Ibn Firnas (9th century) (Inventions and discoveries from the Golden Age of Al Andalus)
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Razon Historica (Sociology, Philosophy and Politics)
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