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  • 1917 - 1924: Civil War And Communism Under Lenin on Random Government Systems Russia Has Tried, From Its Early History To Vladimir Putin

    (#14) 1917 - 1924: Civil War And Communism Under Lenin

    Key Leader: Vladimir Lenin 

    Known For: Establishment of Communist government in Russia

    In October 1917, Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia by staging a coup against the Provisional Government. Lenin took over as dictator but civil war broke out soon after. Bolsheviks, the Communists known as Reds, fought against remaining loyalists to the tsarist tradition, democratic socialists, and capitalists in Russia, collectively known as the Whites.

    The Reds defeated the Whites and Lenin embarked on his plan to reform Russia. The Bolsheviks, who eventually became the Communist Party, first practiced War Communism, a radical economic system employed during wartime. Under war communism, grain was taken from the peasantry to support the Bolsheviks. Private trade became illegal and money was abolished. 

    War Communism was a failure and depleted Russia. In 1921, Lenin put his New Economic Policy (NEP) into effect. The NEP revived the Russian economy by encouraging industry and easing quota and tax burdens on the peasantry. The NEP eased national control of small-scale markets and allowed for the resurgence of a capitalist class. By the time Lenin died in 1924, there were fears that Communist Russia had let too many outside interests back into the economy and the country. 

  • 862 - 882: Rurik State on Random Government Systems Russia Has Tried, From Its Early History To Vladimir Putin

    (#1) 862 - 882: Rurik State

    Leader: Rurik

    Known for: Establishment of the Rurik state based in Novgorod, foundation for the Rus Dynasty

    Rurik was a Viking or Varangian who was either invited by the inhabitants of Novgorod to rule in 862 or captured the city during the 860's. Due to conflicting reports and inconsistencies regarding record keeping, a lot about Rurik's reign is unclear and some historians doubt he existed at all. Regardless of how it came to be, the Rurik Dynasty was a legitimate Russian government system. 

    Rurik and his two brothers allegedly established themselves in the region, creating the first Russian state. When Rurik died in 879 CE, he gave the city and region to Oleg, his kinsman. He also entrusted his son, Igor, to Oleg.

  • 1796 - 1812: Defeat Of Napoleon And Beginning Of Social Reform on Random Government Systems Russia Has Tried, From Its Early History To Vladimir Putin

    (#11) 1796 - 1812: Defeat Of Napoleon And Beginning Of Social Reform

    Key Leaders: Alexander I, Nicholas I, Alexander II 

    Known For: Defeat of Napoleon, social reform 

    After Catherine the Great, leadership in Russia faced internal opposition by the peasantry and nobility alike. Catherine's son and successor, Paul I, was tsar briefly from 1796 to 1801 until an angry aristocracy staged a revolt and assassinated him. His son Alexander became Tsar Alexander the I and ruled until 1825.

    Alexander I spent his early years as tsar pushing domestic reforms, determined to end the centralized Russian system. He was heavily influenced by Enlightenment thinkers and developed plans for a representative body called the Duma. He also defeated Napoleon Bonaparte when the French invaded Russia in 1812, boosting Alexander's reputation on the global stage while seriously hindering Napoleon's quest for empire. Later in his reign, Alexander largely lost interest in reform. 

  • 1953 - 1989: The USSR After Stalin And The Cold War on Random Government Systems Russia Has Tried, From Its Early History To Vladimir Putin

    (#17) 1953 - 1989: The USSR After Stalin And The Cold War

    Key Leaders: Nikita Kruschev, Leonid Brezhnev, Mikhail Gorbachev 

    Known For: Détente, Brezhnev Doctrine, PerestroikaGlastnost

    The Cold War lasted through to the end of the 1980s and was characterized by competition between the US and Russia in politics, technology, weaponry, international influence, and economic development. Under Nikita Khrushchev, who served as Russian premiere from 1958 to 1964, the Soviet Union generally espoused peaceful coexistence with the West. There were periods of high tension between the US and Russia, including the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis of the 1960s, but there were also periods of détente, when tensions "thawed."

    In 1977, a new constitution was put into place, clearly delineating the role of the governments in the USSR and those in the individual republics and laying out a process by which republics could secede from the USSR. 

    When Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party and leader of the Soviet Union in 1985, he adopted the two policies of glasnost, or openness, and perestroika, or restructuring. Gorbachev opened up the USSR to criticism internally and eased governmental control of the individual soviets as well as restructured the leadership of the Communist party and the economic structure of the USSR. In 1988, he continued his reforms opening the USSR up to the idea of democratic elections.

    In 1989 and 1990s, the elections in the soviets proved to be the undoing of the USSR, with Communist candidates losing in Poland, Bulgaria, Romania and other republics. East Germany was lost to the Communists and Germany was reunified in 1990, with the Berlin Wall, a symbol of the Iron Curtain of Communism, coming down. 

  • 1812 - 1905: The Last Of The Tsars And Bloody Sunday on Random Government Systems Russia Has Tried, From Its Early History To Vladimir Putin

    (#12) 1812 - 1905: The Last Of The Tsars And Bloody Sunday

    Key Leaders: Alexander II, Nicholas I, and Alexander III

    Known for: Devolvement of the tsar system 

    Alexander lost interest in reforms later in his reign and his successor, Nicholas I, had no interest in change at all. Nicholas I (reigning from 1825-1855) was autocratic and used his military and bureaucracy to carry out his every whim.

    When Alexander II became tsar in 1855, he again returned to the idea of reform, specifically with the emancipation of the serfs, a new law code, and local governmental, taxation, and police change. After Alexander II's death in 1894, his son Alexander III became tsar and, once again, went more autocratic in his rule.

    Alexander III was followed by Nicholas II who struggled to hold on to the position until 1917. He effectively lost control of the government in 1905 "Bloody Sunday" revolt. When soldiers opened fire on unarmed protestors, public outrage forced Nicholas II to promise reforms. This led to the establishment of a constitution and forced Nicholas II to start a Duma to create new legislature. 

  • 1581 - 1605: End Of Rurik Dynasty And Rise Of False Dmitri on Random Government Systems Russia Has Tried, From Its Early History To Vladimir Putin

    (#6) 1581 - 1605: End Of Rurik Dynasty And Rise Of False Dmitri

    Key Leaders: Feodor I, Boris Godunov, Feodor II, False Dmitri I 

    Known For: The end of the Rurik Dynasty and the beginning of the Time Of Troubles 

    Towards the end of his reign, Ivan IV became increasingly hostile and erratic. He married five wives through the 1570's, but only produced one son suited to serve as his successor. However, Ivan IV murdered that son in 1581. This set the course for a series of events known as the Time of Troubles, lasting roughly from 1598 to 1613. 

    Ivan's son Feodor, eventually became the new tsar, but was considered feeble-minded and ill-suited as a ruler. He was largely a figurehead during his reign and, upon his death at 40, Ivan IV's family had no remaining heirs to the throne. Boris Godunov, Feodor I's former guardian, became the new tsar. In the early 1600's, droughts and famines caused political turmoil throughout Russia. After Godunov's sudden death, things only got worse when his son, Feodor II, assumed the role of tsar.

    In 1605, A man known as "False Dmitri" claimed to be Ivan IV's son and therefore the rightful heir to the throne. Ivan IV's son, Dmitri, had been stabbed to death under mysterious circumstances at the age of 9 and a half, but False Dmitri claimed he had actually escaped the attack and been on the run. Despite the dubious nature of his claims, False Dmitri gained a considerable following. He eventually stormed Moscow with an army, assassinating Gudunov's wife and Feodor II and assuming power as the new tsar. 

     

     

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About This Tool

In Russia's thousand-year history, turmoil and crisis seem to be the norm in Russian society. Looking back at the time from the Kievan Rus era to Putin's administration, the Russian government system has undergone tremendous changes. From the early Mongolian invasion to the Tsarist regime to the Soviet system, to the revolution becoming a presidential republic. Russia's development history is full of turbulence and crisis, and it is constantly changing and improving.

Russia is not only famous for its strong national power and the rise of its political system, but also for its various artistic and cultural contributions, such as ballet, Tolstoy, Tchaikovsky, vodka, etc. The random tool introduced 13 government systems in Russian history.

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